Dr David Bozward

Category: Experiential Learning

Entrepreneurship education increasingly emphasizes hands-on, experiential learning, where students actively create and manage real ventures. This approach allows them to apply theoretical knowledge in practical situations, fostering problem-solving skills and creativity.

Exploring the ‘sex sells’ adage
Introduction

In the realm of advertising, the provocative adage “sex sells” has long been a contentious yet potent tool. Rooted in the belief that sexual content garners attention and stirs emotions, this method has been employed across various campaigns, often sparking debate. While it can enhance brand recall and forge emotional connections, its effectiveness is contingent on the audience, cultural norms, and product relevance. However, it’s not the sole strategy in a marketer’s arsenal.

Alternative methods abound, each with unique merits. Humor injects relatability and enjoyment, while emotional appeals forge deeper bonds. Celebrity endorsements lend credibility, and shock value captures attention, albeit with caution. A Unique Value Proposition (UVP) clarifies a product’s distinctiveness, and vivid visuals captivate the eye. Storytelling engrosses audiences, and music embeds brands in memory. Social proof builds trust, scarcity and urgency incite action, and interactive experiences deepen engagement. Challenges and contests foster community involvement.

Each method, including “sex sells,” has its place, shaped by the product, audience, and brand ethos. The key lies in strategic selection and nuanced execution, ensuring that the chosen method aligns with the brand’s values and resonates with its audience.

Why use it?

The phrase “sex sells” is a common adage in the marketing and advertising industry, suggesting that products or services can be marketed more effectively by associating them with sexual content or themes. This concept is based on the idea that sex is a fundamental human interest and can attract attention and evoke emotional responses, which can be leveraged to make advertisements more memorable and products more desirable.

Here are several reasons why sex is often used in marketing:
1. Attention-Grabbing: Sexual content tends to stand out and grab people’s attention amidst a sea of other advertisements. In a crowded marketplace, anything that makes an ad more noticeable can be seen as an advantage.
2. Emotional Response: Sexually suggestive content can evoke strong emotional responses, such as arousal, curiosity, or even controversy. These emotions can create a stronger connection between the consumer and the advertisement or brand.
3. Memory and Recall: Because of the strong emotional responses and attention-grabbing nature, ads that use sex are often more memorable. This can increase brand recall and recognition.
4. Association with Desirable Qualities: By associating a product with sex or attractiveness, marketers aim to transfer those desirable qualities to the product itself. For example, a perfume ad might suggest that wearing the fragrance will make the wearer more attractive or desirable.
5. Targeting Specific Audiences: In some cases, sexual content is used to specifically target demographic groups that are believed to respond more strongly to such messages, such as young adults.
However, it’s important to note that the effectiveness of using sex in advertising can vary greatly depending on the product, the target audience, and cultural norms. While it can be effective in some contexts, it can also backfire or be seen as inappropriate or offensive in others. In recent years, there has been a shift in some sectors of the advertising industry towards more inclusive and less objectifying representations of people, as consumer values evolve and there is a greater emphasis on social responsibility and respect for individuals.

Moreover, the use of sex in advertising is subject to legal and regulatory constraints in many countries, which can limit its application or dictate the manner in which it can be used. As a result, while “sex sells” is a well-known phrase in marketing, its application is nuanced and must be carefully considered in the context of each advertising campaign.

Where has it been used?

Over the years, there have been numerous examples of products in the USA that have been advertised using sexual themes or imagery. Here are five notable examples:
1. Calvin Klein: Calvin Klein has a long history of using sexually suggestive advertising, especially for its line of jeans and underwear. One of the most famous campaigns featured a young Brooke Shields in the early 1980s with the tagline, “You want to know what comes between me and my Calvins? Nothing.”
2. Axe Body Spray (Lynx in the UK): Axe has been known for its commercials that imply men become irresistibly attractive to women after using their products. These ads often feature women being magnetically drawn to men who have used Axe body spray.
3. GoDaddy: The web hosting company GoDaddy became infamous for its Super Bowl commercials that featured sexually suggestive content. The ads often included scantily clad women and implied sexual situations, which were intended to create buzz and controversy.
4. Carl’s Jr. / Hardee’s: The fast-food chains have used sexually suggestive advertising in their campaigns, most notably featuring models and celebrities like Paris Hilton, Kate Upton, and Kim Kardashian eating burgers in a provocative manner.
5. Victoria’s Secret: The lingerie brand is well-known for its annual fashion show and its advertisements featuring models known as “Victoria’s Secret Angels.” The brand’s marketing heavily relies on the sex appeal of its products and models to attract customers.
These examples illustrate how sexual themes have been used to market a wide range of products in the USA. However, it’s worth noting that public attitudes towards such advertising tactics can shift over time, and what was once considered acceptable or effective may no longer resonate with consumers in the same way. As a result, many brands have evolved their marketing strategies to be more inclusive and less reliant on sexual imagery.

Alternative Marketing Strategies

In addition to using sexual themes, marketers employ a vast number and variety of other strategies to grab attention and make their advertisements memorable. Here are several alternative methods:
1. Humor: Funny advertisements can be highly effective. They grab attention, make the brand seem more relatable, and can significantly increase recall. Humor can also create a positive association with the brand.
2. Emotional Appeal: Ads that evoke strong emotions—such as happiness, sadness, or nostalgia—can be very powerful. They can create a deep connection between the consumer and the brand, making the advertisement more memorable.
3. Celebrity Endorsements: Featuring celebrities or influencers in advertisements can attract attention due to their fame and appeal. Consumers may be more likely to notice and trust a product that is endorsed by someone they admire.
4. Shock Value: Some advertisements use shocking or provocative content that is not sexual in nature. This could include surprising facts, startling images, or controversial statements. While this can be attention-grabbing, it must be used carefully to avoid alienating the audience.
5. Unique Value Proposition (UVP): Clearly communicating what makes a product or service unique, superior, or valuable can capture attention. If the UVP resonates with the target audience’s needs or desires, it can be a powerful way to stand out from competitors.
6. Vivid Colors and Bold Graphics: Visually striking advertisements can catch the eye. Bright colors, high-contrast images, and bold typography are all techniques that can make an ad more noticeable.
7. Storytelling: Ads that tell a story can be highly engaging and memorable. A good narrative can draw viewers in and keep them interested, making the advertisement—and by extension, the brand—more memorable.
8. Interactive and Experiential Marketing: Creating interactive ads or experiences that consumers can engage with can be a great way to grab attention. This could include augmented reality experiences, interactive billboards, or online quizzes.
9. Music and Jingles: Catchy music or jingles can make an advertisement more memorable. A well-chosen song or a catchy tune can stick in consumers’ minds long after they’ve seen the ad.
10. Scarcity and Urgency: Ads that communicate limited-time offers or limited availability can create a sense of urgency, prompting consumers to pay attention and act quickly.
11. Social Proof: Including customer testimonials, reviews, or user-generated content can attract attention by providing evidence that others have had positive experiences with the brand or product.
12. Challenges and Contests: Engaging the audience with challenges, contests, or giveaways can be an effective way to grab attention and encourage interaction with the brand.
These methods can be used individually or in combination to create effective marketing campaigns. The key is to understand the target audience and what will resonate with them, as well as to ensure that the chosen method aligns with the brand’s values and messaging.

An example: Farmer’s Choice

I wanted to explore how a brand of marmalade called “Farmer’s Choice” which is based in the Cotswolds, UK would use each of the above attention-grabbing methods to create a marketing statement, so here goes.
1. Unique Value Proposition (UVP): “Farmer’s Choice marmalade brings the authentic taste of the Cotswolds to your breakfast table, crafted from hand-picked, locally sourced fruits and a century-old family recipe.”
2. Vivid Colors and Bold Graphics: “Brighten up your mornings with the vibrant, golden hues of Farmer’s Choice marmalade—where every spoonful is a burst of sunshine!”
3. Celebrity Endorsements: “Join renowned British chef Oliver Smith as he chooses Farmer’s Choice for his award-winning breakfast recipes—taste the marmalade that’s winning hearts and palates across the nation!”
4. Humor: “Spread the joy with Farmer’s Choice marmalade! It’s so good, even the oranges can’t believe they’re not still on the tree!”
5. Emotional Appeal: “Relive the warmth of your grandmother’s kitchen with every jar of Farmer’s Choice marmalade, where tradition and love are spread in every spoonful.”
6. Storytelling: “Once upon a time in the rolling hills of the Cotswolds, a family’s passion for the perfect marmalade gave rise to Farmer’s Choice—where every jar tells a story of heritage and craftsmanship.”
7. Music and Jingles: “Start your day the right way, with a melody of flavors from Farmer’s Choice marmalade—’The Spread That Gets You Out of Bed!’”
8. Social Proof: “Thousands of breakfast lovers can’t be wrong! Farmer’s Choice is the UK’s top-rated marmalade for its unbeatable homemade taste.”
9. Scarcity and Urgency: “Don’t miss out on the limited edition Farmer’s Choice marmalade, made from this season’s finest Cotswold oranges. Get yours before it’s gone!”
10. Interactive and Experiential Marketing: “Join us at the Farmer’s Choice interactive pop-up in the heart of the Cotswolds and discover the art of marmalade making from our master artisans.”
11. Shock Value: “Shake up your senses with Farmer’s Choice marmalade—bolder, brighter, and more tantalizing than any marmalade you’ve ever tasted!”
12. Challenges and Contests: “Enter the Farmer’s Choice Breakfast Challenge! Share your most creative marmalade dish using #FarmersChoiceFeast for a chance to win a gourmet Cotswolds getaway.”
And now the sexual themed one.

Indulge in the seductive sweetness of Farmer’s Choice marmalade. Each jar is a sensual symphony of the finest Cotswolds oranges, lovingly caressed by the morning sun and handcrafted to awaken your senses. Start your day with an irresistible spread that’s as tantalizing as it is tasteful.

You can make your own mind up which one you refer.
December 1, 2023
9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 1 – Discovery
Introduction to Stage 1 – Discovery

This stage is centred around the focal competency of Opportunity recognition, creation and evaluation QAA(2012) and Bacigalupo, et al., (2016). These are the processes by which entrepreneur identifies and evaluates potential new business opportunities. An opportunity by definition is a favorable set of circumstances which creates a need for a new product, business, or service (Barringer & Ireland, 2010; Ardichvili 2003; Shane & Venkataraman, 2007). Opportunity recognition therefore is the process through which the entrepreneur perceives, develops and formalises a prospective idea for a new venture. The evaluation of the opportunity takes research, exploration, and an understanding of current needs, demands, and trends from consumers and others. The process of researching and surveying allows the product or service idea to develop, so that it can be modeled.

Discovery Stage Compendium

The first stage in the entrepreneurial journey, as delineated in the provided academic excerpt, is the Discovery phase, which is fundamental to unveiling a viable business idea. Central to this phase is the focal competency of “Opportunity recognition, creation, and evaluation” (QAA, 2012; Bacigalupo et al., 2016). This process entails the entrepreneur identifying, scrutinizing, and formulating a prospective notion for a new venture. Various scholars have asserted that an opportunity, by definition, is a set of favorable circumstances that catalyzes the necessity for a new product, business, or service (Barringer & Ireland, 2010; Ardichvili, 2003; Shane & Venkataraman, 2007).

The process of opportunity recognition is multifaceted and necessitates a keen understanding of market dynamics, consumer needs, and emerging trends. Entrepreneurs engage in rigorous research, exploration, and analysis to refine and substantiate their initial ideas. This phase is crucial as it lays the foundation for the subsequent entrepreneurial journey.

Examples of successful opportunity recognition and the development of viable business ideas can be observed globally. For instance, in the United States, the inception of Airbnb emerged from a recognized opportunity by its founders to provide affordable lodging alternatives during periods of significant local events. Similarly, in Asia, the launch of Grab, a ride-hailing service, came from the identified necessity for reliable and convenient transportation services in various Southeast Asian countries.

Moreover, various methodologies and frameworks have been proposed to aid in the effective discovery of business opportunities. These include environmental scanning, SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats), and Design Thinking, which emphasize empathy and iterative testing to understand consumer needs and problems deeply.

The academic discourse also alludes to the importance of evaluating the discovered opportunities to ensure they are viable and worth pursuing. This evaluation often involves assessing the market size, competition, financial feasibility, and the alignment of the opportunity with the entrepreneur’s skills and resources.

It’s pertinent that the process of discovering and evaluating business opportunities is not rushed, as the initial idea refinement and validation can significantly impact the venture’s subsequent stages. The global entrepreneurial landscape is replete with examples that underline the centrality of a well-navigated Discovery stage, ultimately contributing to the venture’s sustainability and growth in the competitive market arena.

In summation, the Discovery stage is a cornerstone in the entrepreneurial process, assisting entrepreneurs in unveiling and honing business ideas that are not only innovative but also resonant with market needs and consumer demands. Through rigorous opportunity recognition and evaluation, entrepreneurs set the stage for the iterative and experiential journey that characterizes the entrepreneurial endeavor.

Entrepreneur Tips

Navigating through the Discovery stage is crucial for entrepreneurs as it sets the groundwork for the venture. Here are five tips to aid entrepreneurs in successfully traversing this initial phase:
1. Market Research:
  - Conduct thorough market research to understand the current market trends, consumer needs, and the competitive landscape. Utilize tools like SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) to identify and evaluate potential opportunities.
2. Network and Engage:
  - Network with other entrepreneurs, potential customers, and industry experts to gain insights and feedback on your initial ideas. Engaging with a diverse range of individuals can provide different perspectives that may help refine your business idea.
3. Iterative Testing and Validation:
  - Employ a lean startup approach by building a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) or service to test your business idea in the real market. Gather feedback and make necessary adjustments to ensure that the idea meets the market needs.
4. Educational Upgradation:
  - Continuously educate yourself on the industry you are venturing into. Attend workshops, seminars, and courses that can provide you with the necessary knowledge and skills to better understand and evaluate business opportunities.
5. Maintain a Learning Mindset:
  - The Discovery stage is a learning process. Maintain a growth mindset and be open to feedback and adjustments. Learn from failures and successes alike, and be willing to pivot your business idea based on the learnings and market feedback.
These tips advocate for a proactive, open, and iterative approach towards the Discovery stage, emphasizing the importance of market understanding, networking, validation, education, and a learning-oriented mindset to unveil and refine a viable business idea.

Further Reading

View the original paper here, and the blogs in this series:

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 1 – Discovery

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 1 – Discovery

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 2 – Modeling

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 2 – Modeling

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 3 – Startup

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 3 – Startup

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 4 – Existence

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 4 – Existence

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 5 – Survival

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 5 – Survival

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 6 – Discovery

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 6 – Success

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 7 – Adaptation

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 7 – Adaptation

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 8 – Independence

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 8 – Independence

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 9 – Exit

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 9 – Exit
October 23, 2023
Fostering Entrepreneurship in Africa: The Role of Educators in Nurturing Business Founders
Introduction

Africa is a continent of immense potential, rich in natural resources and a young, dynamic population eager to make a difference. In recent years, the African entrepreneurial ecosystem has witnessed significant growth and development. The rise of startups, innovative businesses, and social enterprises has contributed to economic diversification and job creation across the continent. However, entrepreneurship in Africa still faces various challenges, and educators play a crucial role in supporting and nurturing this ecosystem of business founders. In this blog, I would like to explore the development of entrepreneurship in Africa, the challenges it faces, and how educators can contribute to its growth and success.
1. The Rise of Entrepreneurship in Africa
Africa’s entrepreneurship journey has been marked by determination and resilience. The continent has seen a growing number of startups and small businesses that are addressing local challenges, creating employment opportunities, and contributing to economic growth. One significant factor contributing to this growth is the increasing availability and affordability of technology, particularly smartphones and internet connectivity, which has expanded access to information, markets, and funding for aspiring entrepreneurs.

Additionally, the emergence of business incubators, accelerators, and venture capital firms focused on African startups has provided critical support to early-stage entrepreneurs. These initiatives offer mentorship, access to networks, and funding opportunities, boosting the chances of success for young businesses.
1. Challenges Faced by African Entrepreneurs
Despite the progress, entrepreneurs in Africa encounter several challenges that hinder their growth and sustainability. Some of the most notable obstacles include:

a) Limited Access to Finance: Access to capital remains a significant challenge for entrepreneurs, particularly those in the early stages of their ventures. Traditional financial institutions often consider startups too risky, leading to high interest rates and stringent collateral requirements. This lack of funding options can stifle innovation and limit the scalability of promising businesses.

b) Inadequate Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure, such as unreliable power supply and inadequate transportation, can impede business operations and increase costs for entrepreneurs. Moreover, a lack of supportive policies and bureaucratic barriers can hamper entrepreneurial activities.

c) Limited Entrepreneurial Education: Many aspiring entrepreneurs lack formal entrepreneurial education, hindering their ability to understand market dynamics, develop business plans, and access vital resources. This gap in knowledge can lead to a higher failure rate for startups.

d) Cultural Attitudes: Societal attitudes towards entrepreneurship can also pose challenges. In some communities, there may be a preference for traditional employment over starting a business, and failure may be stigmatised rather than viewed as a learning experience.
1. The Role of Educators in Fostering Entrepreneurship
Educators can play a pivotal role in nurturing the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Africa. By equipping students with the necessary knowledge, skills, and mindset, educators can empower them to become successful entrepreneurs. Here are several ways educators can support the development of entrepreneurship:

a) Incorporating Entrepreneurship into the Curriculum: Educational institutions should integrate entrepreneurship courses and modules into their curriculum at various levels, including primary, secondary, and tertiary education. By exposing students to entrepreneurial concepts early on, educators can instill an entrepreneurial mindset and foster innovation and problem-solving skills.

b) Creating Experiential Learning Opportunities: Entrepreneurship is best learned through practice. Educators can facilitate experiential learning opportunities, such as business plan competitions, startup challenges, and internships with local entrepreneurs or businesses. These experiences provide students with hands-on exposure to the challenges and opportunities of entrepreneurship.

c) Encouraging a Growth Mindset: Cultivating a growth mindset is crucial for aspiring entrepreneurs. Educators should inspire students to embrace failure as a stepping stone to success, encouraging resilience and perseverance in the face of challenges.

d) Facilitating Access to Resources: Educators can serve as bridges between aspiring entrepreneurs and valuable resources. They can connect students with mentors, industry experts, and potential investors, providing a supportive ecosystem for budding entrepreneurs.

e) Promoting Women Entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurs have the potential to drive significant economic growth in Africa. Educators should actively encourage and support women’s participation in entrepreneurship through targeted programs and initiatives.

f) Collaboration with Industry: Educational institutions should establish partnerships and collaborations with the industry to align their programs with market needs. By involving entrepreneurs and business leaders in the educational process, educators can provide students with practical insights and relevant skills.
1. Success Stories and Best Practices
Numerous success stories have emerged from Africa’s entrepreneurial landscape, demonstrating the impact of education and support in fostering successful businesses. For example:

a) “Andela” – Founded in Nigeria, Andela identifies and develops software developers in Africa, providing them with training and job opportunities with global tech companies. By nurturing tech talent, Andela has made a significant impact on the African tech ecosystem.

b) “M-Pesa” – Launched in Kenya, M-Pesa revolutionized mobile banking, enabling users to send and receive money using their mobile phones. The service has had a transformative effect on financial inclusion in Africa.

c) “Flutterwave” – A Nigerian fintech startup, Flutterwave, offers payment solutions to businesses across Africa, facilitating seamless transactions and e-commerce growth on the continent.

Conclusion

Africa’s entrepreneurial ecosystem is a dynamic and promising arena for economic growth and innovation. However, entrepreneurs face several challenges that need to be addressed to unleash their full potential. Educators have a crucial role to play in nurturing the next generation of business founders by providing them with the necessary knowledge, skills, and mindset. By incorporating entrepreneurship into the curriculum, creating experiential learning opportunities, and facilitating access to resources, educators can significantly contribute to the growth and success of entrepreneurship in Africa. With the right support and guidance, the continent’s entrepreneurs can continue to drive positive change and foster sustainable development.

References:
1. AfriLabs. (n.d.). “The African Startup Ecosystem Report 2020.” https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vzB6osUgDnHvwQZlTwBD6N_yovxqJQsi/view
2. AUC. (2019). “Africa’s Development Dynamics 2019: Achieving Productive Transformation.” https://www.oecd.org/dev/development-centre/Africas-Development-Dynamics-2019.pdf
3. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2021). “GEM 2020/2021 Global Report.” https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2020-2021-global-report/
4. Tefo Mohapi. (2019). “How Africa’s Education System Can Support Entrepreneurship.” https://www.africanexponent.com/post/9055-how-africas-education-system-can-support-entrepreneurship
5. World Bank. (2019). “Africa’s Pulse, No. 21, October 2019: An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africa’s Economic Future.” http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/947021568299119925/pdf/Africas-Pulse-No-21-October-2019.pdf
August 11, 2023
Nurturing the Entrepreneurs of Tomorrow: Best Practices in Entrepreneurship Education
Introduction:

In the dynamic and ever-evolving landscape of the business world, entrepreneurship has emerged as a key driver of economic growth and innovation. Recognising this trend, universities have embraced the importance of nurturing entrepreneurial mindsets among their students. By equipping them with the necessary knowledge, skills, and mindset, these institutions play a vital role in shaping the entrepreneurs of tomorrow. In this blog, we will explore the best practices of entrepreneurship education in universities, backed by examples and references, and offer actionable steps for educators to implement these practices effectively.

1. Integrating Experiential Learning:

One of the most effective approaches to entrepreneurship education is through experiential learning. By providing students with real-life challenges and opportunities, universities can empower them to apply theoretical concepts in practical scenarios. Examples of experiential learning include business plan competitions, startup incubators, and internships with entrepreneurial ventures. These experiences instill a deep understanding of the entrepreneurial process, encouraging creativity, risk-taking, and adaptability.

Case Study Example: In a study by Fayolle et al. (2016), “The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intention: Hysteresis and Persistence,” students exposed to experiential learning were found to display a more positive attitude towards entrepreneurship and a higher intention to start their own businesses.

Implementation Steps:
- Establish partnerships with local startups and entrepreneurs to offer internships and mentoring programs.
- Organize regular business plan competitions to encourage students to develop and pitch their entrepreneurial ideas.
- Create an on-campus startup incubator or accelerator to support student ventures and encourage collaboration.
2. Interdisciplinary Approach:

Entrepreneurship is a multifaceted discipline that requires a diverse skill set. Universities should adopt an interdisciplinary approach, integrating various subjects like marketing, finance, technology, and design thinking into their entrepreneurship curriculum. This enables students to develop a comprehensive understanding of business dynamics and fosters innovation by encouraging the fusion of ideas from different domains.

Case Study Example: In their book “Entrepreneurship Education: A Global View,” Neergaard et al. (2012) emphasise that interdisciplinary entrepreneurship programs enhance students’ problem-solving abilities and encourage creativity and innovation.

Implementation Steps:
- Collaborate with faculties from different departments to design interdisciplinary entrepreneurship courses.
- Encourage students to form cross-disciplinary teams for projects and startup initiatives.
- Organize workshops and seminars with experts from diverse industries to expose students to different perspectives.
3. Mentoring and Networking:

Mentoring plays a crucial role in shaping aspiring entrepreneurs. Universities should establish mentorship programs, connecting students with experienced entrepreneurs, industry experts, and successful alumni. Additionally, facilitating networking opportunities, such as entrepreneurship-focused events and guest speaker series, enables students to build valuable connections within the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Case Study Example: A study by Yu et al. (2019) titled “The Effect of Entrepreneurial Education on Entrepreneurial Intention: A Meta-Analytic Study” highlights that mentorship significantly influences students’ intention to become entrepreneurs.

Implementation Steps:
- Develop a database of alumni and industry experts willing to mentor aspiring entrepreneurs.
- Host networking events, startup fairs, and conferences to facilitate interactions between students and entrepreneurs.
- Organize regular “meet the entrepreneur” sessions where successful startup founders share their journeys and insights.
4. Emphasizing Resilience and Failure:

Entrepreneurship is rife with uncertainties and challenges. Universities must foster resilience among students and instill an understanding that failure is an inherent part of the entrepreneurial journey. Encouraging students to learn from setbacks and persevere through tough times will prepare them to weather the storms of entrepreneurship.

Case Study Example: In a paper by Cardon et al. (2009) titled “The Nature and Experience of Entrepreneurial Passion,” the authors highlight the role of resilience in entrepreneurial success.

Implementation Steps:
- Incorporate case studies of successful entrepreneurs who overcame failure and adversity into the curriculum.
- Organize workshops and guest lectures on emotional intelligence, resilience, and coping mechanisms.
- Create a supportive ecosystem where students feel comfortable discussing their failures and seeking guidance.
Conclusion:

Entrepreneurship education is a critical element in nurturing the next generation of innovators and leaders. By embracing best practices such as experiential learning, interdisciplinary studies, mentorship, and a focus on resilience, universities can create a powerful ecosystem that empowers students to thrive in the entrepreneurial realm. As educators, it is essential we stay informed about the latest research and resources available to enhance the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education. Let’s delve deeper into some additional references that can further support and enrich the implementation of these best practices.
1. Experiential Learning and Entrepreneurship:
  - McMullan, W. E., & Long, W. A. (1987). Entrepreneurship Education in the 21st Century. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(3), 261-275.
  - Kuratko, D. F. (2005). The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Education: Development, Trends, and Challenges. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 577-598.
2. Interdisciplinary Entrepreneurship Education:
  - Lerner, D. A. (2008). The Academic Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: An Investigation of the Course-Level Determinants. The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 7(2), 261-278.
  - Neck, H. M., & Greene, P. G. (2011). Entrepreneurship Education: Known Worlds and New Frontiers. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 55-70.
3. Mentoring and Networking in Entrepreneurship Education:
  - Ucbasaran, D., et al. (2013). Life After Business Failure: The Process of Failure Recovery and Growth for Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3), 533-557.
  - Politis, D. (2005). The Process of Entrepreneurial Learning: A Conceptual Framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 399-424.
4. Emphasizing Resilience and Failure in Entrepreneurship Education:
  - Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2011). The New Field of Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Studying Entrepreneurial Action Linking “What is to Be Sustained” with “What is to Be Developed.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 137-163.
  - Shepherd, D. A., & Williams, T. A. (2018). You Get What You Think: Thinking and Acting Entrepreneurially. Journal of Small Business Management, 56(1), 5-26.
As educators, keeping abreast of research in the field of entrepreneurship education will allow you to incorporate evidence-based practices into your curriculum, ultimately benefiting your students and their entrepreneurial journeys. Additionally, various organizations and platforms provide valuable resources, workshops, and webinars tailored to entrepreneurship education. These resources can further aid educators in designing comprehensive and impactful entrepreneurship programs.

By continuously refining and evolving the teaching methodologies based on research findings, educators can play a pivotal role in shaping the future entrepreneurs who will drive innovation, economic growth, and positive change in society.

Remember, entrepreneurship education is not just about equipping students with business skills but also instilling a mindset that embraces curiosity, creativity, and resilience—the very qualities that can unlock boundless possibilities in the entrepreneurial world. Let us together embark on this journey of empowering and nurturing the entrepreneurs of tomorrow.

References:
- Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education Programmes: A New Methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 701-720.
- Neergaard, H., et al. (2012). Entrepreneurship Education: A Global View. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Yu, S., et al. (2019). The Effect of Entrepreneurial Education on Entrepreneurial Intention: A Meta-Analytic Study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(2), 304-342.
- Cardon, M. S., et al. (2009). The Nature and Experience of Entrepreneurial Passion. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 511-532.
August 8, 2023
Empowering University Students: The Benefits of an Employability-Driven Curriculum with Entrepreneurship and Experimental Learning
Introduction

In today’s competitive job market, universities have a crucial responsibility to equip students with the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in their chosen careers. One effective approach is to provide a curriculum that integrates employability, enterprise, and entrepreneurship into the academic experience. This holistic approach not only prepares students for the challenges of the professional world but also nurtures their creativity, innovation, and adaptability. In this blog, we will explore the numerous benefits of embedding employability, enterprise, and entrepreneurship within the university curriculum, with a particular focus on experimental learning opportunities and workplace-based learning. Furthermore, we will examine some best practices from around the world that highlight the successful implementation of these strategies.
1. Bridging the Gap between Academia and the Real World
Traditional classroom learning often falls short in bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. By incorporating employability, enterprise, and entrepreneurship into the curriculum, universities can provide students with a deeper understanding of real-world scenarios. This experiential learning approach enables students to apply theoretical concepts to practical situations, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are highly sought after by employers.

One example of best practice comes from Stanford University’s Design Thinking program. This program integrates design principles and problem-solving techniques into various disciplines, allowing students to tackle complex challenges with a human-centered approach. Through hands-on projects, collaboration with industry partners, and direct engagement with end-users, students gain valuable experience in addressing real-world problems while developing their entrepreneurial mindset.
1. Developing a Culture of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurial skills are highly valued in today’s dynamic and rapidly evolving job market. Embedding entrepreneurship within the university curriculum encourages students to think creatively, take risks, and explore new opportunities. By engaging students in entrepreneurial activities, such as business plan competitions, incubator programs, or startup internships, universities cultivate a culture of innovation, empowering students to become self-starters and catalysts for change.

Babson College, located in Massachusetts, USA, is renowned for its comprehensive entrepreneurship programs. Babson integrates entrepreneurship into its curriculum across various disciplines, fostering an entrepreneurial mindset in all students. The college offers dedicated centers for entrepreneurial development, such as the Arthur M. Blank Center for Entrepreneurship, which provides students with resources, mentorship, and networking opportunities. This approach enables students to develop the necessary skills and mindset to identify and seize entrepreneurial opportunities.
1. Fostering Collaboration and Networking
The integration of employability, enterprise, and entrepreneurship within the curriculum provides ample opportunities for students to collaborate with their peers, as well as industry professionals. Group projects, networking events, and industry partnerships expose students to diverse perspectives, teamwork, and the chance to build valuable professional relationships. These interactions enhance students’ interpersonal and communication skills, making them better prepared for the collaborative nature of the workplace.

At the University of British Columbia in Canada, the Engineering Co-op Program stands out as a prime example of effective collaboration and networking. This program integrates academic study with alternating periods of paid work experience related to the students’ fields of study. Through these co-op work terms, students develop both technical and interpersonal skills while building a professional network. This program’s success lies in the strong partnerships the university has developed with industry employers, who actively participate in students’ learning and provide mentorship throughout their work terms.
1. Building Resilience and Adaptability
The modern job market is characterized by uncertainty and constant change. Embedding employability and enterprise within the curriculum equips students with the resilience and adaptability necessary to thrive in such an environment. Through experimental learning opportunities, such as internships, co-op programs, or simulated business ventures, students learn to navigate challenges, overcome obstacles, and embrace change. These experiences provide a solid foundation for personal growth and career development, enabling students to confidently face the ever-evolving demands of the professional world.

The National University of Singapore (NUS) has implemented a comprehensive experiential learning program called the NUS Overseas Colleges (NOC). This program offers students the opportunity to study and work in entrepreneurial hotspots around the world, including Silicon Valley and Beijing. Through NOC, students immerse themselves in a foreign culture, work with startups or multinational companies, and gain a global perspective while building their resilience and adaptability in real-world settings. This program not only provides valuable practical experience but also expands students’ networks and opens up global career opportunities.
1. Enhancing Career Readiness
A curriculum focused on employability and enterprise empowers students with essential career readiness skills. By immersing themselves in workplace-based learning, such as internships, apprenticeships, or cooperative education programs, students gain firsthand experience in their chosen fields. This practical exposure not only enhances their technical skills but also hones their professionalism, work ethic, and industry-specific knowledge. As a result, graduates are better equipped to secure employment upon graduation and seamlessly transition into the workforce.

In Germany, the dual vocational education system is a prime example of effective workplace-based learning. This system combines practical, on-the-job training with classroom instruction, ensuring that students acquire both theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience. Companies actively participate in this system, providing apprenticeship opportunities and mentoring students in a real work environment. This approach not only enhances employability but also addresses the skills gap by aligning education with industry demands.
1. Cultivating a Culture of Lifelong Learning
An employability-driven curriculum encourages students to become lifelong learners. By emphasizing the importance of adaptability, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills, universities instill in students the desire to continually update their knowledge and acquire new skills throughout their careers. This mindset ensures that graduates remain competitive and adaptable in an ever-changing job market, where continuous learning is essential for professional growth.

The University of Queensland in Australia has implemented a comprehensive framework known as “UQ Employability.” This initiative focuses on embedding employability skills throughout the curriculum, encouraging students to take ownership of their learning and professional development. The university provides a range of resources, workshops, and career counseling services to support students in developing their employability skills. By adopting a lifelong learning approach, the University of Queensland equips graduates with the necessary tools to navigate the evolving job market successfully.

Conclusion

By embedding employability, enterprise, and entrepreneurship within the university curriculum, students are provided with a well-rounded education that prepares them for success in their chosen careers. The benefits of such an approach are numerous, ranging from bridging the gap between academia and the real world to fostering a culture of innovation, collaboration, and adaptability. Best practices from institutions around the world demonstrate the effectiveness of these strategies in preparing students for the demands of the modern job market. By continuously evolving and incorporating these principles, universities can equip students with the skills and mindset necessary to thrive in their professional journeys.
May 19, 2023
The evolution of entrepreneurship education in universities across the world

Entrepreneurship education has evolved significantly within universities over the past 100 years. From the early days of offering business courses to developing dedicated programs and centers, universities have come a long way in their efforts to promote entrepreneurship education. In this blog, we will explore the evolution of entrepreneurship education, highlighting research, pedagogy, and trends.

Early Days of Entrepreneurship Education

Entrepreneurship education can be traced back to the early 1900s, when business schools started offering courses on small business management. However, the focus was on traditional business management, and entrepreneurship was not a separate subject. It was only in the 1960s that entrepreneurship was recognized as a separate field of study, and universities began offering courses dedicated to entrepreneurship.

Research in Entrepreneurship Education

The research in entrepreneurship education started in the 1980s when David Birch published a book called “The Job Generation Process.” In this book, he argued that small businesses were responsible for creating most of the new jobs in the United States. This idea was further supported by other researchers, such as David Storey and Paul Reynolds, who showed that small businesses were an important source of innovation and job creation.

In the 1990s, researchers started focusing on the pedagogy of entrepreneurship education. William Gartner and Scott Shane published a paper in 1995 that argued that entrepreneurship education should be taught experientially. They proposed that students should be given opportunities to start and run their own businesses, and that this would be the best way to learn about entrepreneurship.

Pedagogy of Entrepreneurship Education

The pedagogy of entrepreneurship education has evolved significantly over the years. In the early days, entrepreneurship was taught using traditional business management methods, such as lectures and case studies. However, as research showed that entrepreneurship was best learned through experiential methods, universities started offering more hands-on courses.

Today, entrepreneurship education is typically taught using a combination of traditional methods and experiential learning. For example, students may attend lectures and read case studies, but they will also have the opportunity to start and run their own businesses, work on consulting projects for real clients, or participate in entrepreneurship competitions.

Trends in Entrepreneurship Education

There are several trends in entrepreneurship education that have emerged in recent years. One trend is the development of interdisciplinary entrepreneurship programs. These programs bring together students and faculty from different disciplines, such as engineering, science, and design, to work on entrepreneurial projects.

Another trend is the development of social entrepreneurship programs. These programs focus on teaching students how to start businesses that have a social or environmental impact. Social entrepreneurship has become increasingly popular in recent years, as students are increasingly interested in starting businesses that can make a positive impact on society.

In addition, there has been a trend towards global entrepreneurship education. Many universities now offer study abroad programs or international entrepreneurship competitions, which give students the opportunity to learn about entrepreneurship in different cultural contexts.

Conclusion

Entrepreneurship education has come a long way over the past 100 years. From offering business courses to developing dedicated programs and centers, universities have recognized the importance of entrepreneurship education in preparing students for the workforce. The research has shown that experiential learning is the best way to teach entrepreneurship, and universities have responded by offering more hands-on courses. The trends in entrepreneurship education reflect the changing needs of students and society, with a focus on interdisciplinary, social, and global entrepreneurship. As the world of work continues to change, entrepreneurship education will continue to evolve to meet the needs of students and society.

April 22, 2023
The evolution of Entrepreneurship Education Research
Entrepreneurship education is a rapidly evolving field, with new research emerging on a almost monthly basis. Here are some current trends in entrepreneurship education research, in 2023:
1. Experiential learning: One trend that is gaining traction in entrepreneurship education research is the emphasis on experiential learning. Experiential learning includes activities such as business plan competitions, internships, and incubator programs that allow students to gain real-world experience and apply classroom learning to practical situations. Several studies have shown that experiential learning can improve students’ entrepreneurial skills, attitudes, and intentions.
2. Interdisciplinary approaches: Entrepreneurship education research is also becoming more interdisciplinary. Many researchers are incorporating concepts and methods from fields such as engineering, design, and social sciences into their studies of entrepreneurship. This approach emphasizes the importance of creativity, innovation, and collaboration in entrepreneurship.
3. Social and environmental entrepreneurship: There is a growing interest in social and environmental entrepreneurship, which emphasizes the creation of businesses that address social and environmental challenges. This approach is gaining traction as more individuals seek to make a positive impact in their communities and the world. Several studies have shown that social and environmental entrepreneurship education can improve students’ awareness of social and environmental issues and their ability to address these issues through entrepreneurship.
4. Digital and technology-based entrepreneurship: Another trend in entrepreneurship education research is the growing interest in digital and technology-based entrepreneurship. The rise of digital technologies and e-commerce has led to a surge in the development of online businesses, mobile apps, and other technology-driven ventures. Many entrepreneurship education programs are incorporating courses and activities that focus on digital and technology-based entrepreneurship.
5. Global entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship education research is becoming more globally focused, with an emphasis on the development of businesses that can operate in international markets. This includes exposure to different cultures, business practices, and legal and regulatory environments. Several studies have shown that international exposure can improve students’ entrepreneurial skills and their ability to operate in diverse contexts.
6. Entrepreneurial ecosystems: A growing area of entrepreneurship education research is the study of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrepreneurial ecosystems refer to the social, economic, and institutional factors that support entrepreneurship in a particular region or industry. Understanding these ecosystems is important for developing effective entrepreneurship education programs and policies.
7. Entrepreneurial mindset: Many entrepreneurship education researchers are also focusing on the development of the entrepreneurial mindset. The entrepreneurial mindset is characterized by a set of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that are conducive to entrepreneurial success. Several studies have shown that entrepreneurship education can help develop the entrepreneurial mindset, which can in turn improve students’ ability to identify and pursue entrepreneurial opportunities.
8. Impact of entrepreneurship education: Finally, there is a growing body of research on the impact of entrepreneurship education, with groups such as https://impactresearch.group/. This research aims to understand the long-term effects of entrepreneurship education on students’ entrepreneurial behavior, career paths, and economic outcomes. Several studies have shown that entrepreneurship education can have a positive impact on these outcomes, although the precise nature of this impact can vary depending on the specific context and type of entrepreneurship education program.
In summary, entrepreneurship education research is a diverse and rapidly evolving field, with many different trends and areas of focus. From experiential learning to social and environmental entrepreneurship, digital and technology-based entrepreneurship to global entrepreneurship, and from entrepreneurial ecosystems to the entrepreneurial mindset, there are many different topics and issues that researchers are exploring in their studies of entrepreneurship education. Ultimately, this research is important for developing effective entrepreneurship education programs and policies, and for understanding the role of entrepreneurship in driving economic growth and social change.
March 23, 2023
The process of discovering an idea and making it an opportunity

I have had many business ideas over the years and the vast majority of them I have not acted upon, for various reasons. Sometimes it’s time, money or the fact I don’t have the core skills or resources to make this work. In this blog we are exploring this cognitive process which everyone undertakes to investigate the opportunity. The aim is to support you in using this best practice when discovering a business opportunity.

The process of discovering a business idea is a varied and complex one and may occur over several years or during a split second. However, we can summarise some of the key mechanisms which occur during this mental process. An idea is just that and needs to be added to and then validated to make an opportunity.

The nascent entrepreneur enters the process with three sets of characteristics which can be split into Sociological factors, Demographic factors and Psychological factors. The Demographic factors are Age, Gender, Education level, Marital Status, Occupation, Population Growth, and Migration. These Sociological factors are Religion, Family, Network, Income & Wealth , Transport, Social Mobility, and Household Composition. The Psychological factors are Need for achievement, Need for autonomy, Internal Locus of control, Risk-taking propensity, Entrepreneurial Self Efficacy, Creative & innovative, and Motivational.

These characteristics form the basis from which the nascent entrepreneur sees, finds and more importantly validates the business idea and the potential opportunity. This prior knowledge and competency in entrepreneurship sets the nascent entrepreneurs on the path. The trigger for this to occur varies, from long term intention to a point in time when either the need or the opportunity presents itself. The entrepreneur will bring forth a range of capitals which will be used to resource the venture these we term the Startup Entrepreneur Capitals. These can be brought down to Financial, Intellectual, Experiential (Human), Social, Cultural, Spiritual, and Material. These set what resources could be used in the first instances to start the business. After the business is started you can find new resources.

Once the basis for the idea is found, the next stage is to analyse if it is exploitable? On a cognitive level, the nascent entrepreneur needs to understand the probability of success based on the personal investment available of resources to facilitate enough time to get the venture to profit. Then we need to understand will the venture be profitable enough to compensate for their opportunity costs.

Once the nascent entrepreneur has validated an opportunity for them, they then need to scope it to understand the trajectory of the business and the potential scale. The required scale of a business is dependent on the industry and market and the ability of the team to manage it.

The business then requires to be designed by the nascent entrepreneur. However, with no or little experience in designing a business, they need to connect the opportunity with their vision, the businesses mission and set the strategy and objectives to meet.

Once they have thought this out they can start modelling the business, through tools like the business model canvas and potentially developing a business plan.

July 29, 2022
What entrepreneurship capital is driven from your economic activity?
The impact of any economic activity on the individual should be to develop a ‘sustainable livelihood’ or value. This is measured through the resources which are available to that person, in terms of capital. Here we define capital as a resource which can be stored, held or used for the benefit of the entrepreneur.A number of academic papers have discussed what forms of capital should be measured and how this should be analysed (Scoones, 1998; Berkes & Folke, 1992; Bebbington, 1999) especially when analysing sustainable rural businesses. The impact of the economic activity should therefore be measured by evaluating the development of the entrepreneurs’ capital, based on the eight forms of capital:
1. Cultural – Cultural capital functions as a social-relation within an economy of practices (system of exchange), and comprises all of the material and symbolic goods, without distinction, that society considers rare and worth seeking.
2. Experiential (Human) – We accumulate experiential capital through actually organizing a project or solving problems and developing solutions.
3. Financial – Money, currencies, securities and other instruments of the financial system
4. Intellectual – The value of a company or organization’s employee knowledge or any proprietary information that may provide the business or entrepreneur with a competitive advantage
5. Material – Non-living physical objects form material capital
6. Natural – Made up of the world’s stock of natural resources, which includes geology, soils, air, water and all living organisms
7. Social – The networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society
8. Spiritual – Practices of personal values, religion, spirituality, or other means of connection to self and universe.
Entrepreneurial activity may increase one or more of these capitals depending on the entrepreneur, the type of business and the stage of the business. This connection to capital also connects with Ahmad & Hoffman (2008) who specify the ecosystem of entrepreneurship as the combination of three factors: opportunities, skilled people and resources. These factors can be driven from our Capitals. Skilled People is intellectual capital. Entrepreneurial opportunity from our social and spiritual capital.

I think we should look at this set of capitals at both a personal, business and community level, its about a set of ecosystems. At any level not all of the capitals have to be used (A Buddhist priest on a personal level may never use Financial capital, An online blogger on a business level may never use Natural capital, A town council may never use the Spiritual capital).

Each entrepreneur has a unique set of capitals, which have specific generic root causes from the entrepreneur themselves, the business industry, the addressed market and locality ecosystem they are active. The skill is understanding which and a what level is required to lead a successful business at what stage.
January 4, 2019
A Strategic Vision for Student Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is undeniably a significant asset for students and young adults. More than hard skills as experience and technical knowledge, entrepreneurship has an intrinsic high dimension of creativity, self building, confidence and self realisation (Quality Assurance Agency 2012). A European Commission report on the effects and impact of entrepreneurship programmes in higher education stated: “Entrepreneurship education has a positive impact on the entrepreneurial mindset of young people, their intentions towards entrepreneurship, their employability and finally on their role in society and the economy.”(EC 2012)

Entrepreneurship as extra-curriculum activity might increasingly become critical for the professional development and students’ careers. As noted in High Fliers Research (2011), nearly two-thirds of recruiters warn that graduates who have had no previous work experience at all are unlikely to be successful during the selection process and have little or no chance of receiving a job offer for their organisations’ graduate programmes.

Sir Tim Wilson’s review of university-business collaboration stated “Networking between universities and the business community is a critical component of an efficient innovation ecosystem. There are several established networking tools at national and regional levels that create links between universities, business and research technology organisations. These mechanisms need to be constantly evaluated, reviewed and updated as media innovations change communications capability and expectation.” (Wilson 2012)

The National Association of College and University Entrepreneurs (NACUE) has the potential to be a major contributor to the development of entrepreneurialism amongst our student body. It deserves support from business sponsors, universities and government in promoting entrepreneurship. Such support should be conditional on NACUE retaining its close connectivity student entrepreneurial societies, and its active engagement in the Enterprise Alliance.” (Wilson 2012).

The World Economic Forum (2011) suggested four global challenges; Transform the Educational System, Build the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem, Strive for Effective Outcomes and Impact and Leverage Technology as an Enabler. The growth and advancement of entrepreneurship have been considered objectives for many EU and Member State policies over numerous years, and have grown in prominence over time. The European Commission and individual Member States have started to adopt a range of actions, including driving the build up of a more prominent culture of ‘entrepreneurial mindsets’ amongst European citizens, predominantly young people. This was partnered with the view that all students should have access to entrepreneurship education.

To make sure ‘entrepreneurship education’ does not become another extra-curricular ‘add on’ there needs to be certain changes that are made a necessity, and the following ‘actions’ are taken from McCoshan (2010) which will ensure they become an essential part of the curriculum:
- Changes in teaching methods: greater use of experiential learning and a new coach/moderator role for teachers which helps students to become more independent and to take the initiative in their education;
- Changes in the education context, which takes students out of the classroom into the local community and real businesses, and which establishes less hierarchical relationships within schools;
- A key role for governments: only they can bring about the required step change in the spread and quality of entrepreneurship education.
Therefore, an ‘education in entrepreneurship’ needs to go through a conceptual shift from an education in ‘how to run a business’ to how to achieve competency in all areas of the curriculum and be able to apply entrepreneurial thinking into all those areas.

The UK Quality Assurance Agency (2012) for Higher Education has also published ‘guidance’ on the incorporation of Entrepreneurship in every teaching curriculum, qualifying this action as imperative. They acknowledged the need for entrepreneurship to enhance education across the curriculum (Quality Assurance Agency 2012).

Entrepreneurship as extra-curriculum activity might increasingly become critical for the professional development and students’ careers. As noted in High Fliers Research (2011):“Nearly two-thirds of recruiters warn that graduates who have had no previous work experience at all are unlikely to be successful during the selection process and have little or no chance of receiving a job offer for their organisations’ graduate programmes”.

The Royal Bank of Scotland Inspiring Enterprise report 2012 shows that across almost all industrialised countries, unemployment rates are highest among people just out of college, despite the international evidence that shows that young people have a lot of entrepreneurial potential. More awareness of entrepreneurship and engaging with entrepreneurship in education and training will inspire many young people (RBS 2012).

This is why the development of self help, peer led groups provides an important strategy for developing both employability and enterprise skills and should be incorporated into the national and every education institution enterprise strategy.
November 10, 2013