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Fostering Entrepreneurship in Africa: The Role of Educators in Nurturing Business Founders

Introduction

Africa is a continent of immense potential, rich in natural resources and a young, dynamic population eager to make a difference. In recent years, the African entrepreneurial ecosystem has witnessed significant growth and development. The rise of startups, innovative businesses, and social enterprises has contributed to economic diversification and job creation across the continent. However, entrepreneurship in Africa still faces various challenges, and educators play a crucial role in supporting and nurturing this ecosystem of business founders. In this blog, I would like to explore the development of entrepreneurship in Africa, the challenges it faces, and how educators can contribute to its growth and success.

  1. The Rise of Entrepreneurship in Africa

Africa’s entrepreneurship journey has been marked by determination and resilience. The continent has seen a growing number of startups and small businesses that are addressing local challenges, creating employment opportunities, and contributing to economic growth. One significant factor contributing to this growth is the increasing availability and affordability of technology, particularly smartphones and internet connectivity, which has expanded access to information, markets, and funding for aspiring entrepreneurs.

Additionally, the emergence of business incubators, accelerators, and venture capital firms focused on African startups has provided critical support to early-stage entrepreneurs. These initiatives offer mentorship, access to networks, and funding opportunities, boosting the chances of success for young businesses.

  1. Challenges Faced by African Entrepreneurs

Despite the progress, entrepreneurs in Africa encounter several challenges that hinder their growth and sustainability. Some of the most notable obstacles include:

a) Limited Access to Finance: Access to capital remains a significant challenge for entrepreneurs, particularly those in the early stages of their ventures. Traditional financial institutions often consider startups too risky, leading to high interest rates and stringent collateral requirements. This lack of funding options can stifle innovation and limit the scalability of promising businesses.

b) Inadequate Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure, such as unreliable power supply and inadequate transportation, can impede business operations and increase costs for entrepreneurs. Moreover, a lack of supportive policies and bureaucratic barriers can hamper entrepreneurial activities.

c) Limited Entrepreneurial Education: Many aspiring entrepreneurs lack formal entrepreneurial education, hindering their ability to understand market dynamics, develop business plans, and access vital resources. This gap in knowledge can lead to a higher failure rate for startups.

d) Cultural Attitudes: Societal attitudes towards entrepreneurship can also pose challenges. In some communities, there may be a preference for traditional employment over starting a business, and failure may be stigmatised rather than viewed as a learning experience.

  1. The Role of Educators in Fostering Entrepreneurship

Educators can play a pivotal role in nurturing the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Africa. By equipping students with the necessary knowledge, skills, and mindset, educators can empower them to become successful entrepreneurs. Here are several ways educators can support the development of entrepreneurship:

a) Incorporating Entrepreneurship into the Curriculum: Educational institutions should integrate entrepreneurship courses and modules into their curriculum at various levels, including primary, secondary, and tertiary education. By exposing students to entrepreneurial concepts early on, educators can instill an entrepreneurial mindset and foster innovation and problem-solving skills.

b) Creating Experiential Learning Opportunities: Entrepreneurship is best learned through practice. Educators can facilitate experiential learning opportunities, such as business plan competitions, startup challenges, and internships with local entrepreneurs or businesses. These experiences provide students with hands-on exposure to the challenges and opportunities of entrepreneurship.

c) Encouraging a Growth Mindset: Cultivating a growth mindset is crucial for aspiring entrepreneurs. Educators should inspire students to embrace failure as a stepping stone to success, encouraging resilience and perseverance in the face of challenges.

d) Facilitating Access to Resources: Educators can serve as bridges between aspiring entrepreneurs and valuable resources. They can connect students with mentors, industry experts, and potential investors, providing a supportive ecosystem for budding entrepreneurs.

e) Promoting Women Entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurs have the potential to drive significant economic growth in Africa. Educators should actively encourage and support women’s participation in entrepreneurship through targeted programs and initiatives.

f) Collaboration with Industry: Educational institutions should establish partnerships and collaborations with the industry to align their programs with market needs. By involving entrepreneurs and business leaders in the educational process, educators can provide students with practical insights and relevant skills.

  1. Success Stories and Best Practices

Numerous success stories have emerged from Africa’s entrepreneurial landscape, demonstrating the impact of education and support in fostering successful businesses. For example:

a) “Andela” – Founded in Nigeria, Andela identifies and develops software developers in Africa, providing them with training and job opportunities with global tech companies. By nurturing tech talent, Andela has made a significant impact on the African tech ecosystem.

b) “M-Pesa” – Launched in Kenya, M-Pesa revolutionized mobile banking, enabling users to send and receive money using their mobile phones. The service has had a transformative effect on financial inclusion in Africa.

c) “Flutterwave” – A Nigerian fintech startup, Flutterwave, offers payment solutions to businesses across Africa, facilitating seamless transactions and e-commerce growth on the continent.

Conclusion

Africa’s entrepreneurial ecosystem is a dynamic and promising arena for economic growth and innovation. However, entrepreneurs face several challenges that need to be addressed to unleash their full potential. Educators have a crucial role to play in nurturing the next generation of business founders by providing them with the necessary knowledge, skills, and mindset. By incorporating entrepreneurship into the curriculum, creating experiential learning opportunities, and facilitating access to resources, educators can significantly contribute to the growth and success of entrepreneurship in Africa. With the right support and guidance, the continent’s entrepreneurs can continue to drive positive change and foster sustainable development.

References:

  1. AfriLabs. (n.d.). “The African Startup Ecosystem Report 2020.” https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vzB6osUgDnHvwQZlTwBD6N_yovxqJQsi/view
  2. AUC. (2019). “Africa’s Development Dynamics 2019: Achieving Productive Transformation.” https://www.oecd.org/dev/development-centre/Africas-Development-Dynamics-2019.pdf
  3. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2021). “GEM 2020/2021 Global Report.” https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2020-2021-global-report/
  4. Tefo Mohapi. (2019). “How Africa’s Education System Can Support Entrepreneurship.” https://www.africanexponent.com/post/9055-how-africas-education-system-can-support-entrepreneurship
  5. World Bank. (2019). “Africa’s Pulse, No. 21, October 2019: An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africa’s Economic Future.” http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/947021568299119925/pdf/Africas-Pulse-No-21-October-2019.pdf
Blog, Data Analytics, Enterprise Education, Entrepreneurial Mindset, Experiential Learning, Mentorship and Networking, Sustainable Business Practices

Nurturing the Entrepreneurs of Tomorrow: Best Practices in Entrepreneurship Education

Introduction:

In the dynamic and ever-evolving landscape of the business world, entrepreneurship has emerged as a key driver of economic growth and innovation. Recognising this trend, universities have embraced the importance of nurturing entrepreneurial mindsets among their students. By equipping them with the necessary knowledge, skills, and mindset, these institutions play a vital role in shaping the entrepreneurs of tomorrow. In this blog, we will explore the best practices of entrepreneurship education in universities, backed by examples and references, and offer actionable steps for educators to implement these practices effectively.

1. Integrating Experiential Learning:

One of the most effective approaches to entrepreneurship education is through experiential learning. By providing students with real-life challenges and opportunities, universities can empower them to apply theoretical concepts in practical scenarios. Examples of experiential learning include business plan competitions, startup incubators, and internships with entrepreneurial ventures. These experiences instill a deep understanding of the entrepreneurial process, encouraging creativity, risk-taking, and adaptability.

Case Study Example: In a study by Fayolle et al. (2016), “The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intention: Hysteresis and Persistence,” students exposed to experiential learning were found to display a more positive attitude towards entrepreneurship and a higher intention to start their own businesses.

Implementation Steps:

  • Establish partnerships with local startups and entrepreneurs to offer internships and mentoring programs.
  • Organize regular business plan competitions to encourage students to develop and pitch their entrepreneurial ideas.
  • Create an on-campus startup incubator or accelerator to support student ventures and encourage collaboration.

2. Interdisciplinary Approach:

Entrepreneurship is a multifaceted discipline that requires a diverse skill set. Universities should adopt an interdisciplinary approach, integrating various subjects like marketing, finance, technology, and design thinking into their entrepreneurship curriculum. This enables students to develop a comprehensive understanding of business dynamics and fosters innovation by encouraging the fusion of ideas from different domains.

Case Study Example: In their book “Entrepreneurship Education: A Global View,” Neergaard et al. (2012) emphasise that interdisciplinary entrepreneurship programs enhance students’ problem-solving abilities and encourage creativity and innovation.

Implementation Steps:

  • Collaborate with faculties from different departments to design interdisciplinary entrepreneurship courses.
  • Encourage students to form cross-disciplinary teams for projects and startup initiatives.
  • Organize workshops and seminars with experts from diverse industries to expose students to different perspectives.

3. Mentoring and Networking:

Mentoring plays a crucial role in shaping aspiring entrepreneurs. Universities should establish mentorship programs, connecting students with experienced entrepreneurs, industry experts, and successful alumni. Additionally, facilitating networking opportunities, such as entrepreneurship-focused events and guest speaker series, enables students to build valuable connections within the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Case Study Example: A study by Yu et al. (2019) titled “The Effect of Entrepreneurial Education on Entrepreneurial Intention: A Meta-Analytic Study” highlights that mentorship significantly influences students’ intention to become entrepreneurs.

Implementation Steps:

  • Develop a database of alumni and industry experts willing to mentor aspiring entrepreneurs.
  • Host networking events, startup fairs, and conferences to facilitate interactions between students and entrepreneurs.
  • Organize regular “meet the entrepreneur” sessions where successful startup founders share their journeys and insights.

4. Emphasizing Resilience and Failure:

Entrepreneurship is rife with uncertainties and challenges. Universities must foster resilience among students and instill an understanding that failure is an inherent part of the entrepreneurial journey. Encouraging students to learn from setbacks and persevere through tough times will prepare them to weather the storms of entrepreneurship.

Case Study Example: In a paper by Cardon et al. (2009) titled “The Nature and Experience of Entrepreneurial Passion,” the authors highlight the role of resilience in entrepreneurial success.

Implementation Steps:

  • Incorporate case studies of successful entrepreneurs who overcame failure and adversity into the curriculum.
  • Organize workshops and guest lectures on emotional intelligence, resilience, and coping mechanisms.
  • Create a supportive ecosystem where students feel comfortable discussing their failures and seeking guidance.

Conclusion:

Entrepreneurship education is a critical element in nurturing the next generation of innovators and leaders. By embracing best practices such as experiential learning, interdisciplinary studies, mentorship, and a focus on resilience, universities can create a powerful ecosystem that empowers students to thrive in the entrepreneurial realm. As educators, it is essential we stay informed about the latest research and resources available to enhance the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education. Let’s delve deeper into some additional references that can further support and enrich the implementation of these best practices.

  1. Experiential Learning and Entrepreneurship:
    • McMullan, W. E., & Long, W. A. (1987). Entrepreneurship Education in the 21st Century. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(3), 261-275.
    • Kuratko, D. F. (2005). The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Education: Development, Trends, and Challenges. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 577-598.
  2. Interdisciplinary Entrepreneurship Education:
    • Lerner, D. A. (2008). The Academic Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: An Investigation of the Course-Level Determinants. The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 7(2), 261-278.
    • Neck, H. M., & Greene, P. G. (2011). Entrepreneurship Education: Known Worlds and New Frontiers. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 55-70.
  3. Mentoring and Networking in Entrepreneurship Education:
    • Ucbasaran, D., et al. (2013). Life After Business Failure: The Process of Failure Recovery and Growth for Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3), 533-557.
    • Politis, D. (2005). The Process of Entrepreneurial Learning: A Conceptual Framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 399-424.
  4. Emphasizing Resilience and Failure in Entrepreneurship Education:
    • Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2011). The New Field of Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Studying Entrepreneurial Action Linking “What is to Be Sustained” with “What is to Be Developed.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 137-163.
    • Shepherd, D. A., & Williams, T. A. (2018). You Get What You Think: Thinking and Acting Entrepreneurially. Journal of Small Business Management, 56(1), 5-26.

As educators, keeping abreast of research in the field of entrepreneurship education will allow you to incorporate evidence-based practices into your curriculum, ultimately benefiting your students and their entrepreneurial journeys. Additionally, various organizations and platforms provide valuable resources, workshops, and webinars tailored to entrepreneurship education. These resources can further aid educators in designing comprehensive and impactful entrepreneurship programs.

By continuously refining and evolving the teaching methodologies based on research findings, educators can play a pivotal role in shaping the future entrepreneurs who will drive innovation, economic growth, and positive change in society.

Remember, entrepreneurship education is not just about equipping students with business skills but also instilling a mindset that embraces curiosity, creativity, and resilience—the very qualities that can unlock boundless possibilities in the entrepreneurial world. Let us together embark on this journey of empowering and nurturing the entrepreneurs of tomorrow.

References:

  • Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education Programmes: A New Methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 701-720.
  • Neergaard, H., et al. (2012). Entrepreneurship Education: A Global View. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Yu, S., et al. (2019). The Effect of Entrepreneurial Education on Entrepreneurial Intention: A Meta-Analytic Study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(2), 304-342.
  • Cardon, M. S., et al. (2009). The Nature and Experience of Entrepreneurial Passion. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 511-532.
9 stages, Blog, Data Analytics, Entrepreneurship Theory, Ideation, Resources, Sustainable Business Practices

Brewing Success: Business Idea, Model Development, and MVP Testing in a Coffee Shop Venture

The process of starting a business is intricate, involving various stages from conceiving an idea to launching a viable product in the market. This blog post outlines this critical process of ideation, business model development, and market testing, using the example of setting up a coffee shop.

Stage 1: Conceiving a Business Idea

Every business journey begins with an idea, the seed that has the potential to grow into a fully-fledged, successful venture. Often, the most successful business ideas emerge from identifying a problem and then creating a solution for it.

Let’s consider the idea of setting up a coffee shop. The idea could have been sparked by a lack of quality coffee places in your area, your passion for coffee, or the desire to create a cozy place for people to meet.

When ideating, it is essential to consider market trends, personal interest, and industry knowledge. Research might involve reviewing industry reports, talking to local coffee drinkers, or analyzing the competition. A good coffee shop idea should offer something distinctive, whether it’s the finest quality beans, exceptional customer service, or a unique ambiance.

Feasibility is another crucial factor. You should ask: Can I realistically open this coffee shop with my current resources and skills? Is there a sufficient customer base in my area?

Stage 2: Developing a Business Model

Once you have your coffee shop idea, the next step is to develop a business model around it. This model provides a blueprint for how your business will create, deliver, and capture value.

A tool like the Business Model Canvas is helpful to map out key components of your model. The value proposition of your coffee shop could be freshly roasted, organic coffee beans sourced directly from farmers, thus offering exceptional taste and promoting fair trade.

Identify your target customers (for example, local residents, office workers, students), and plan how you will reach these customers, such as through social media marketing, local advertising, or word-of-mouth.

Your cost structure might include expenses like rent, utilities, salaries, and cost of goods sold (like coffee beans, milk, and pastries). Revenue streams will primarily come from selling coffee and other items, but you could also consider other income sources such as selling merchandise or hosting events.

Stage 3: Testing the Market using a Minimum Viable Product (MVP)

After you’ve established your business model, it’s time to test your idea in the market. In the context of a coffee shop, an MVP could be a pop-up stand or a small kiosk in a high foot-traffic area where you can start selling your coffee and get initial customer feedback.

This MVP stage allows you to validate your coffee shop idea before investing significant resources into full-scale shop development. It provides an opportunity to test your product on real customers, gather feedback, and refine the product accordingly.

During the MVP testing phase, your key metrics could be daily sales, customer reviews, and repeat customer rate. This feedback loop should continue until you reach a point where you’re confident your full-scale coffee shop will be well-received by a wider audience.

Conclusion

Coming up with a business idea, developing a business model, and testing the market using an MVP are integral stages in any successful business journey, even for a coffee shop. While the process can seem daunting, each step provides an invaluable learning experience, equipping you with insights and confidence to launch a product that resonates with the market, ultimately paving the way for a successful and sustainable business.

here’s a list of resources that can help you with these tasks, ranging from idea generation and business model development to MVP testing:

Business Idea Generation

  1. Google Trends: Use Google Trends to identify trending topics and potential business opportunities.
  2. Entrepreneur: Offers a guide on how to come up with a business idea.

Developing a Business Model

3. Business Model Canvas: This tool can help you visualise your business model and understand how each component interacts with the others.

  1. Entrepreneur: A guide to creating a solid business model.

Market Research

5. Pew Research Center: Pew provides a variety of research and data on various sectors that can help with market research.

  1. U.S. Small Business Administration: Offers resources for market research and competitive analysis.

Minimum Viable Product (MVP) Development

7. Lean Startup: Outlines the Lean Startup principles, which is a methodology that involves creating and testing MVPs.

  1. Product Hunt: A platform where you can launch your MVP and get feedback from a community of tech-savvy early adopters.

Market Testing

9. SurveyMonkey: Allows you to create surveys for market research and customer feedback.

  1. Google Analytics: Use Google Analytics to measure website traffic and understand user behaviour, which is especially helpful for businesses with an online component.

These resources will provide you with a solid starting point on your journey to start a business, providing crucial insights and tools to help you succeed.

Blog, Data Analytics, Enterprise Education, Legal and Regulatory Knowledge, Mentorship and Networking

The Urgent Need for More Research using big dataset in Enterprise and Entrepreneurship Education

Enterprise and Entrepreneurship Education (EEE) is a rapidly evolving field that has the potential to significantly impact economic growth, innovation, and individual career prospects. However, despite the increasing integration of EEE into higher education institutions (HEIs), there is a pressing need for more research in this area. A recent study titled “Exploring the outcomes of enterprise and entrepreneurship education in UK HEIs: An Excellence Framework perspective” underscores this need and provides a compelling argument for further investigation.

The study, conducted by a team of researchers from a number of UK universities, investigates the outcomes of EEE activity in UK HEIs using data from the Research Excellence Framework (REF), the Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF), the Knowledge Excellence Framework (KEF), and the Higher Education Business and Community Interaction (HE-BCI) survey. The findings suggest that EEE impacts research, teaching, and knowledge exchange in a variety of ways, and may be significantly more impactful than other management disciplines.

However, while this study provides valuable insights, it also highlights the need for further research. The complex relationship between EEE interventions, their impact on the graduate, the university ecosystem, and the wider economy is still not fully understood. More research is needed to delve deeper into these dynamics and to develop more effective EEE interventions.

Moreover, the study was conducted in a specific cultural and educational context, which may not be representative of all contexts. Therefore, more research is needed to understand how cultural, social, and economic factors influence the effectiveness of EEE. Comparative studies across different countries and educational systems could provide valuable insights in this regard.

Furthermore, the study mainly focused on undergraduate students. However, EEE can be beneficial at different educational levels and in different forms of education, including vocational and adult education. More research is needed to explore how EEE can be effectively integrated into these different educational contexts.

In addition, while the study provides valuable insights into the types of interventions that are most effective, more research is needed to understand how these interventions can be best implemented. For example, what teaching methods are most effective in EEE? How can universities best support students in their entrepreneurial journey? What role do mentors and networks play in this process?

Finally, more longitudinal studies are needed to understand the long-term impact of EEE. While the study provides insights into the immediate impact of interventions on entrepreneurial intentions, it is important to understand how these intentions translate into entrepreneurial action over time.

In conclusion, while the existing research provides valuable insights into EEE, there is a pressing need for more research in this area. Such research will not only contribute to the academic understanding of EEE but will also provide practical insights for educators, policymakers, and university administrators. By fostering a culture of entrepreneurship, universities can play a crucial role in driving economic growth and innovation.

However, the call for more research in EEE is not limited to the findings of this study alone. Other studies have also highlighted the need for more research in this area. For example, a study by Nabi et al. (2017) noted that evaluations of the outcomes of EEE were rare and called for more research in this area. Similarly, a study by Pittaway and Cope (2007) noted that there was surprisingly little literature that explored the distinct impact of EEE activities.

These studies, along with the recent study by Bozward et al., underscore the urgent need for more research in EEE. By conducting more research in this area, we can gain a better understanding of the impact of EEE on students, universities, and the wider economy. This, in turn, can help us develop more effective EEE interventions and strategies, ultimately leading to more successful entrepreneurial outcomes.

In light of these findings, it is clear that more research in EEE is not just a recommendation—it is a necessity. As we continue to navigate the rapidly changing landscape of higher education and the global economy, it is crucial that we invest in research that can help us understand and harness the power of entrepreneurship education. By doing so, we can ensure that we are equipping students with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in the entrepreneurial world, and in turn, driving economic growth and innovation.

Blog, Enterprise Education, Legal and Regulatory Knowledge, Mentorship and Networking

The Power of Entrepreneurship Education: A Deep Dive into University Interventions

The entrepreneurial spirit is a driving force behind innovation, economic growth, and job creation. It’s a spirit that can be nurtured and developed, and universities are uniquely positioned to do so. A recent study published by colleagues in Journal of Entrepreneurship Education explores how entrepreneurial interventions in a university context can impact the entrepreneurial intentions of students. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and university administrators seeking to foster entrepreneurship.

The study, conducted collaboratively by researchers from Chinese and UK universities, surveyed 679 undergraduate students. The researchers used the integrated model of entrepreneurial intentions as the theoretical framework for their approach. The model suggests that a person’s attitudes, beliefs, upbringing, values, and their awareness of the ease or difficulty of executing entrepreneurial behaviour will all inform whether they are attracted to act entrepreneurially in a given context, and this will affect their intention to do so.

The study’s initial findings highlight the perceived need for a range of entrepreneurship interventions, with business training programmes being the highest priority, followed by mentoring, specialist business advice, low-cost finance, business networking events, and enterprise clubs. Interestingly, the study also found that those with different Intention Horizons request a different portfolio of interventions.

The concept of Intention Horizons is a key contribution of this study. The researchers propose four distinct Intention Horizons: No Intention, Intention Now, Short-term Intention (in six months’ time), and Long-term Intention (two years or more). This increased granularity provides deeper insights into the ways in which interventions affect intention over time.

The study’s findings suggest a previously under-articulated relationship between the nascent entrepreneur’s Intention Horizon, university interventions, and entrepreneurial action. For instance, those with a longer-term view of entrepreneurship are open to more interventions. This is particularly true for business training programmes, which were selected by 67% of those with long-term entrepreneurial intentions.

Mentoring was the second most popular intervention, selected by 62% of all students. Those with a long-term ambition had the highest selection of this intervention (53%), followed by those with short-term ambition (43%). Specialist business advice was the third most popular intervention, selected by 58% of all students.

Low-cost finance was selected by 41% of those with long-term ambitions and 40% of those with Intention Now, indicating that it may have a higher demand for current nascent entrepreneurs. Business networking events were selected by 41% of all students, with those with Intention Now and those with no intention having the same percentage (20%), indicating this intervention has a wider benefit than just for those looking to start a business.

The study provides an evidence-based approach to entrepreneurship education design and the development of interventions to support a range of students with and without entrepreneurial intention. It further develops the narrative around both contextualisation, the previous experience of the students, and the range and importance of these interventions to support the creation of a new venture.

In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of entrepreneurship education in universities. It shows that tailored interventions can significantly impact the entrepreneurial intentions of students, thereby fostering a culture of entrepreneurship. Universities, therefore, have a crucial role to play in nurturing the next generation of entrepreneurs. By understanding the specific needs and intentions of their students, they can provide targeted support and resources to help them on their entrepreneurial journey.

The study also highlights the need for further research in this area, particularly in understanding the complex relationship between the nascent entrepreneur’s Intention Horizon, university interventions, and entrepreneurial action. Such research will contribute to the ongoing development of effective entrepreneurship education programs and interventions.

References:

Bozward, D., Rogers-Draycott, M.C., Angba, C., Zhang, C.,  Ma, H., An, F., Topolansky, T., Sabia, L., Bell, R., Beaumont, E., (2023) How can entrepreneurial interventions in a university context impact the entrepreneurial intention of their students?, Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 6, 1–23 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41959-022-00083-x