9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 9 – Exit

Introduction to Stage 9 – Exit

At this stage the entrepreneur is focused on exiting the business and making their separation permanent. An exit strategy will give the entrepreneur a way to reduce or eliminate their (Teece, 2010) stake in the business and, if the business is successful, make a substantial profit. This stage removes the entrepreneur from primary ownership and decision-making structure of the business. To do this the entrepreneur needs the focal competencies of negotiation, merger and acquisition. Common types of exit strategies include Initial Public Offerings (IPO), strategic acquisitions and management buyouts. The organisation at this stage is generally profitable, has a definable set of resources with a clear and realistic strategy to continue. The CEO and founder(s) are separate.

Exit Stage Compendium

The Exit stage, being the final phase in a business’s lifecycle, focuses on the closure or transition of the business. This could involve selling the business, merging it with another entity, or winding it down. Here’s an expanded analysis of this stage, primarily drawing from the academic paper and other sources:

  1. Significance of Exit Strategy: Having a well-thought-out exit strategy is crucial as it prepares the business for unforeseen circumstances and ensures a smooth transition or closure, maximizing value for the entrepreneur and stakeholders​1​​2​.
  2. Forms of Exit: Exit strategies vary significantly based on the entrepreneur’s goals and the business’s condition. Common forms include selling the business, merging, or acquisition. For instance, the acquisition of Instagram by Facebook in 2012 stands as a notable example of a successful exit strategy.
  3. Financial Resources & Planning: By this stage, a business has substantial financial resources, enabling detailed operational and strategic planning. The established financial systems further assist in evaluating the best exit strategy​3​.
  4. Management and Staffing: With a decentralized management structure, experienced staff, and well-developed business systems, the entrepreneur can focus on the broader picture while the management handles day-to-day operations. This organizational maturity is vital for orchestrating a successful exit.
  5. Innovation and Intrapreneurship: Engaging in continuous innovation and fostering intrapreneurship are crucial for maintaining market position, which in turn, enhances the business’s attractiveness to potential buyers or merging partners​4​.
  6. Entrepreneur’s Role: The entrepreneur’s capability to coordinate multiple activities is essential for either maintaining or growing the business until the exit. Their visionary leadership is pivotal in navigating the complexities of this stage.
  7. Legal and Compliance Aspects: Ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements is fundamental to avoid complications during the exit process.
  8. Global Examples: Besides Instagram’s acquisition, other notable examples include WhatsApp’s acquisition by Facebook and LinkedIn’s acquisition by Microsoft, showcasing how well-structured exits lead to significant value realization.
  9. Preparation for Exit: Preparing for exit requires meticulous planning, encompassing financial, operational, legal, and strategic considerations, which necessitates engaging with legal and financial advisors to ensure a well-coordinated exit.
  10. Market Analysis: Understanding the market dynamics, including the demand for such businesses, competition, and economic conditions, is vital for determining the right time and method for exit.

This stage underscores the importance of foresight, strategic planning, and adept management in ensuring a smooth and profitable exit, which ultimately reflects the culmination of the entrepreneur’s efforts over the business lifecycle.

Entrepreneur Tips

Navigating through the Exit stage requires a blend of strategic foresight, meticulous planning, and effective execution. Here are five tips to assist entrepreneurs in traversing this crucial stage:

  1. Develop a Clear Exit Strategy Early On:
    • Having a clear exit strategy from the outset or early on in the business lifecycle can help in aligning the business operations and growth strategies towards a defined exit goal. This includes deciding whether to sell, merge, or wind down the business.
  2. Engage Professional Advisors:
    • Engage financial, legal, and business advisors who are proficient in mergers and acquisitions or business exits. Their expertise can be invaluable in navigating the complexities of the exit process, ensuring compliance, and maximizing the value derived from the exit.
  3. Maintain a Strong Operational Performance:
    • A business that is performing well operationally will be more attractive to potential buyers or partners. Ensure that business systems are robust, finances are in good shape, and operational efficiencies are maximized to enhance the business valuation.
  4. Foster Innovation and Intrapreneurship:
    • Continuously innovate and encourage intrapreneurship within the organization to maintain or improve market position, which in turn, can enhance the attractiveness and value of the business during the exit stage.
  5. Prepare Comprehensive Documentation:
    • Ensure that all business records, financial statements, contracts, and other critical documents are accurate, up-to-date, and readily available. Comprehensive and well-organized documentation can expedite the due diligence process and instill confidence in potential buyers or partners.

By adhering to these tips, entrepreneurs can better prepare for and navigate through the Exit stage, ensuring a smoother transition and optimizing the outcomes of the exit process.

Further Reading

View the original paper here, and the blogs in this series:

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 1 – Discovery

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 2 – Modeling

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 3 – Startup

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 4 – Existence

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 5 – Survival

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 6 – Discovery

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 7 – Adaptation

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 8 – Independence

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 9 – Exit

What can we learn from the Grey/Black Economic Based Businesses?

What is the Grey/Black Economy?

The grey and black economies in the United States, often operating in the shadows of the formal market, present a complex and multifaceted landscape. These economies encompass a range of activities, from those that are legal but unreported, to outright illegal endeavors. The grey economy typically includes under-the-table work, unreported income from side jobs, and small-scale services provided without formal business registration or tax declaration. On the other hand, the black economy involves activities that are illegal by nature, such as drug trafficking, illegal gambling, and other forms of illicit trade.

In the U.S., the grey and black economies are not just a reflection of criminal enterprises but also of socio-economic dynamics. They often thrive in areas where economic opportunities are limited, regulations are perceived as overly burdensome, or where there is a lack of trust in government institutions. For many individuals, participating in these economies is not a matter of choice but of necessity, driven by the need to make ends meet in an environment where formal opportunities are scarce or inaccessible.

The size and impact of these economies are hard to quantify accurately due to their inherently hidden nature. However, they undoubtedly have significant implications for the national economy. They affect tax revenues, skew employment statistics, and can create unfair competition for legitimate businesses. Despite their negative connotations, studying these economies provides valuable insights into the limitations of the formal sector and highlights areas where policy interventions could be beneficial. Understanding the grey and black economies is crucial for developing comprehensive economic policies that address the needs of all segments of the population, including those operating on the fringes of the formal economy.

Best Practice from the Grey/Black Economy

The grey and black economies, often operating outside the formal market, can sometimes innovate in ways that are later adopted by mainstream businesses. Here are five examples of how business practices from these economies have become mainstream:

  1. Cryptocurrency and Digital Payments: Originally, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin gained notoriety as a medium of exchange in the grey and black markets, particularly on platforms like the Silk Road. These markets utilized cryptocurrencies for their anonymity and decentralization. Mainstream businesses have since adopted cryptocurrencies and digital payments, recognizing their benefits in terms of transaction speed, reduced fees, and enhanced security.
  2. Flexible, Gig-Based Work Models: The grey economy has long been characterized by informal, gig-based work arrangements, often without formal contracts or consistent work hours. This model has been adopted by the mainstream economy in the form of the gig economy. Platforms like Uber, Airbnb, and various freelance job portals exemplify this shift, offering flexible work arrangements without traditional employment structures.
  3. Decentralized Business Operations: In the grey and black markets, decentralized operations are common to avoid detection and enhance efficiency. This approach has influenced mainstream businesses, particularly with the rise of remote work and decentralized organizational structures. Companies now leverage technology to operate with remote teams spread across various locations, enhancing flexibility and reducing overhead costs.
  4. Adaptive Marketing and Guerrilla Tactics: Grey and black market operators often use innovative, low-cost marketing strategies to promote their products or services, staying under the radar of authorities. These guerrilla marketing tactics have been adopted by mainstream businesses, especially startups and small businesses, to create impactful marketing campaigns with limited budgets.
  5. Use of Encrypted Communication and Data Protection: To avoid detection and protect their operations, participants in the grey and black markets have long used encrypted communication and robust data protection methods. With increasing concerns about data privacy and cybersecurity, mainstream businesses have adopted similar practices. Encryption, VPNs, and secure communication channels are now standard in business operations to protect sensitive information.

These examples illustrate how practices originating in less formal or even illicit economies can influence and be integrated into mainstream business practices, often driven by the need for innovation, efficiency, and adaptation to changing technological landscapes.

What should we use?

Adopting business structures and management practices from the grey or black economy can be a sensitive and complex issue, given the legal and ethical considerations involved. However, there are certain innovative and adaptive strategies used in these economies that can be applied legally and ethically in a legitimate business setting. Here are some examples:

  1. Agility and Flexibility: Businesses in the grey and black economies often operate with a high degree of agility and flexibility, allowing them to quickly adapt to changing circumstances. Legitimate businesses can adopt this by being more adaptive in their strategies, quickly pivoting in response to market changes, and being open to new business models.
  2. Decentralized Operations: Many operations in these economies are decentralized, which can be effective in reducing overhead costs and increasing operational efficiency. Legitimate businesses can implement decentralized management structures where appropriate, empowering local managers and teams to make decisions more autonomously.
  3. Innovative Marketing Strategies: Businesses in the grey and black markets often use creative and low-cost marketing strategies to reach their audience. While the content and channels might differ, the principle of using innovative, guerrilla marketing tactics can be very effective for small businesses or startups in the mainstream economy.
  4. Emphasis on Privacy and Security: Due to the nature of their activities, grey and black market operations often prioritize security and privacy. In a legitimate business, this translates into robust data protection policies, secure communication channels, and a strong focus on protecting customer information.
  5. Efficient Supply Chain Management: Grey and black market operations often require highly efficient and discreet supply chain management. Legitimate businesses can learn from this by streamlining their supply chains, reducing waste, and optimizing logistics for better efficiency.
  6. Building Strong Customer Relationships: Despite operating outside the law, many grey and black market businesses thrive by building strong, loyal customer bases. Legitimate businesses can adopt this practice by focusing on customer relationship management, personalizing customer experiences, and building trust.
  7. Cash Flow Management: Businesses in these economies often have to be very adept at managing cash flow due to the lack of access to formal banking and credit facilities. Legitimate businesses can take a cue from this by maintaining a strong focus on cash flow management, ensuring that they have sufficient liquidity for operations and growth.
  8. Lean Operations: Many grey and black market operations run on lean models with minimal overhead. This can be emulated by legitimate businesses by adopting lean principles, eliminating waste, and focusing on core competencies.

The key takeaway is to learn from the adaptability, efficiency, and resilience of these operations while strictly maintaining legality and ethical integrity.

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 8 – Independence

Introduction to Stage 8 – Independence

A business at this stage should now have the advantages of size, financial resources, market share and managerial talent. Innovation and Intrapreneurship (Baran & Veličkaitė, 2008) are now key factors in keeping the business in market position. The organisation has the staff and financial resources to engage in detailed operational and strategic planning. The management is decentralised, adequately staffed, and experienced. Business systems are extensive and well developed. The entrepreneur and the business are quite separate, both financially and operationally. However, the entrepreneur should have the mental ability to coordinate multiple activities for the business to either maintain or grow.

Independence Stage Compendium

The Independence Stage of a business life cycle represents a period of established stability and self-sustaining operations. This phase is often characterized by a noticeable separation between the entrepreneur and the business entity, both financially and operationally. A company in this stage has typically matured to a point where it holds a significant market share, possesses substantial financial resources, and has a well-rounded and experienced managerial team in place. These elements provide the business with a foundation to operate independently of the entrepreneur’s day-to-day involvement.

One of the primary features of this stage is the emphasis on innovation and intrapreneurship, as suggested by Baran & Veličkaitė (2008). At this juncture, the organization has the necessary resources and talent to not only sustain its current market position but also explore new avenues for growth and competitiveness. Intrapreneurship, which entails fostering an entrepreneurial spirit within the organization, becomes a critical factor. It drives innovation by encouraging employees to develop and pitch new ideas, which can lead to the development of new products, services, or processes that can provide a competitive edge in the market.

Operational and strategic planning take a more structured and detailed form in this stage, facilitated by the availability of substantial financial resources and a competent staff. These plans aim to maintain the business’s market position and lay down the roadmap for future growth and expansion. The decentralization of management is another hallmark of this stage, allowing for more distributed decision-making and promoting a more hierarchical organizational structure. This decentralization often leads to more efficient operations as decisions are made closer to the operational level, where managers have a better understanding of the day-to-day challenges and opportunities.

The well-developed business systems in place at this stage contribute to the organization’s efficiency and effectiveness in managing its operations. These systems support the management in coordinating multiple activities essential for maintaining or growing the business.

The entrepreneur, at this point, should possess the mental acuity to coordinate various business activities, even though their involvement might be at a more strategic or oversight level rather than daily operations. The separation between the entrepreneur and the business underscores the evolution from a possibly entrepreneur-driven entity to an organization with a life of its own.

The transition to the Independence Stage is a testament to the business’s resilience and adaptability through the previous stages of its life cycle. It signifies a mature business capable of weathering market changes while seeking opportunities for continuous growth and innovation. This stage, therefore, is crucial for consolidating gains and positioning the business for long-term success in a competitive marketplace.

Entrepreneur Tips

For this stage I can offer the following advice.

  1. Enhance Decentralization: At this stage, it’s essential to delegate decision-making to experienced managers. This decentralization can lead to more efficient operations as decisions are made closer to the operational level. Make sure to hire competent managers and establish clear communication channels to stay informed.
  2. Foster Innovation and Intrapreneurship: Encourage an entrepreneurial culture within your organization to foster innovation. Providing opportunities for employees to engage in creative problem-solving and to propose new ideas can lead to the development of innovative products or processes.
  3. Invest in Robust Business Systems: Establishing well-developed business systems can ensure smooth operations and better coordination across various departments. Invest in technology that can automate routine processes, improve data management, and support strategic decision-making.
  4. Engage in Strategic Planning: Utilize your financial resources and managerial talent to engage in thorough operational and strategic planning. Look ahead to the long-term future of your business, identifying potential opportunities and threats in the market, and planning how to navigate them.
  5. Maintain Financial Discipline: Even with substantial financial resources, it’s crucial to maintain financial discipline to ensure the sustainability of the business. Continue to monitor your financial performance, manage your cash flow effectively, and make investment decisions that align with your long-term business strategy.

Further Reading

View the original paper here, and the blogs in this series:

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 1 – Discovery

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 2 – Modeling

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 3 – Startup

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 4 – Existence

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 5 – Survival

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 6 – Discovery

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 7 – Adaptation

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 8 – Independence

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 9 – Exit

Summary of Christmas Spending in the USA

The Key Christmas Sales Stats

  1. Increased Spending: A significant portion of consumers, nearly 40%, spent more overall compared to the previous year. Particularly, households with incomes above $120,000 exceeded an average spending of $3,000.
  2. Holiday Celebrations: There was an increase in the number of consumers actively celebrating the holiday season, with 95% participating in 2023 compared to 92% in 2022 and 88% in 2021.
  3. Average Gift Spending: In a survey conducted from October 3-20, U.S. adults estimated they would spend an average of $932 on gifts, which is a notable increase from the average of $837 in previous years.
  4. Consumer Intentions: There was a 7% rise in consumers intending to spend more during the festive period in 2023 compared to 2022.
  5. Support for Local and Small Businesses: Over a quarter of holiday shoppers in 2023 expressed their intention to shop more at local and/or small businesses to support them.
  6. Christmas Tree Sales: In 2022, 32.8 million real Christmas trees were sold during the holiday season.
  7. Overall Holiday Sales Growth: Holiday sales in 2022 rose by 5.3% for November and December combined over the previous period.
  8. Retail Sales Trend: Over the last three months of 2022, retail sales saw a decline of 4.3 percent.

Recommendations for New Ventures

Given these trends, startups can capitalize on the holiday season by focusing on the following areas:

  1. Gift Items and Personal Purchases: With an increase in spending on gifts, small businesses can stock up on popular and unique gift items. Personal indulgence products also see a rise in sales during this period.
  2. Home Decor and Festive Products: As people are more inclined to celebrate, products related to home decoration, festive ornaments, and Christmas-specific items (like Christmas trees) can be lucrative.
  3. Special Offers and Promotions: Offering holiday discounts and promotions can attract more customers, especially those looking for good deals during the holiday season.
  4. Online Presence and E-commerce: Strengthening online sales channels can be beneficial, as many consumers prefer shopping online for convenience.
  5. Local Community Engagement: Engaging with the local community through events or partnerships can increase visibility and customer loyalty.
  6. Customization and Personalization: Offering personalized or customizable products can appeal to customers seeking unique gifts.
  7. Gift Cards and Vouchers: Selling gift cards or vouchers can be an effective strategy, as they are popular gift choices.
  8. Seasonal Marketing Campaigns: Tailoring marketing efforts to the holiday season and highlighting the uniqueness of small business offerings can attract more customers.

However, don’t forget

Starting a business aimed at capitalizing on Christmas spending can be a lucrative venture, but it requires careful planning and consideration of several key factors. Here’s what an entrepreneur should be aware of:

  1. Seasonal Demand Fluctuations: Understand that demand for Christmas-related products or services is highly seasonal. This means you’ll experience a significant peak during the holiday season and potentially lower demand at other times of the year. Planning for these fluctuations in demand and cash flow is crucial.
  2. Inventory Management: For product-based businesses, managing inventory effectively is critical. Overstocking can lead to excess unsold inventory post-holiday season, while understocking can mean missed sales opportunities. Accurate demand forecasting and inventory planning are essential.
  3. Early Planning and Execution: Preparation for the Christmas season should start well in advance. This includes product development, sourcing, marketing strategies, and hiring seasonal staff if needed. Many consumers start their holiday shopping early, so being prepared to meet this early demand is important.
  4. Marketing and Promotion: Effective marketing is key to capturing the attention of holiday shoppers. This includes not only traditional advertising but also leveraging social media, email marketing, and possibly influencer partnerships. Tailor your marketing messages to evoke the festive spirit and highlight the uniqueness of your offerings.
  5. E-commerce and Online Presence: With a significant portion of holiday shopping happening online, having a strong e-commerce platform and online presence is vital. Ensure your website is user-friendly, mobile-responsive, and capable of handling increased traffic and transactions.
  6. Competitive Analysis: The holiday season is highly competitive. Research your competitors’ strategies, pricing, and product offerings. This knowledge can help you differentiate your business and find your niche in the market.
  7. Customer Experience: Focus on providing an excellent customer experience. This includes everything from the quality of your products or services to customer service and after-sales support. Positive customer experiences can lead to repeat business and referrals.
  8. Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Be aware of any specific regulations that apply to your products or services, especially if you are selling toys or food items, which can have stringent safety standards.
  9. Supply Chain Challenges: The holiday season can strain supply chains. Plan for potential delays or disruptions, especially if you rely on suppliers from different regions.
  10. Financial Planning: Accurately budget for the initial setup costs, ongoing operational expenses, and marketing. Also, plan for the post-holiday period when revenues might dip.
  11. Scalability and Flexibility: Be prepared to scale operations up or down based on demand. Flexibility in business processes and the ability to quickly adapt to market changes are important.
  12. Post-Holiday Strategy: Develop a strategy for the post-holiday period. This could include special promotions to clear out inventory, or diversifying your product line to maintain sales momentum.

May this season provide you with great entrepreneurial opportunities!

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 7 – Adaptation

Introduction to Stage 7 – Adaptation

Businesses which reach this stage normally have a number of factors pushing them to adapt, these are normally grounded in changes either to the micro or macro environments. Businesses at this stage will normally be entering a phase of rapid change and will have to have secured the required finances to develop. At this point key management is in place with a set of operational systems. Operational and strategic planning are now a key focus. The organisation is decentralised and, at least in part, divisionalised. The entrepreneur delegates to key managers who must be very competent to handle a growing and complex business environment. The systems, strained by growth, are becoming more refined and extensive. Both operational and strategic planning are being done and involve specific managers. The entrepreneur and the business have become reasonably separate, yet the company is still dominated by both the entrepreneur’s presence and stock control. The entrepreneur must be able to manage other investors.

Adaptation Stage Compendium

The Adaptation stage represents a crucial phase in a business’s lifecycle where the emphasis shifts towards ensuring sustainability amidst evolving market conditions. According to Blank (2013), businesses need to adopt a ‘Continuous Innovation’ approach to discover valid business ideas that align with changing customer needs and market dynamics.

The academic paper on business lifecycles underscores the importance of leveraging data analytics and customer feedback to steer the ideation process. For instance, Amazon, a global e-commerce giant, continuously adapts its business model based on customer behavior and market trends. Their introduction of Amazon Prime and Amazon Web Services (AWS) are testament to how a company can diversify and adapt to sustain growth (Kshetri, 2018).

Moreover, the proactive engagement of stakeholders is pivotal in unearthing viable business ideas. Engaging with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders helps in understanding the changing market dynamics. For instance, Adobe transitioned from selling packaged software to a cloud-based subscription model, Adobe Creative Cloud, after recognizing the market’s shift towards cloud computing (Cusumano, 2014).

Furthermore, businesses at this stage often leverage technological advancements to drive innovation. For example, Domino’s Pizza employed AI and data analytics to improve customer service and operational efficiency, which in turn helped in ideating new service models like drone delivery (Wirtz & Zeithaml, 2018).

The adaptation stage also necessitates a culture of agility and openness to change within the organization. Companies like Google and 3M encourage their employees to spend time on personal projects, which often leads to the discovery of new business ideas.

In conclusion, the adaptation stage demands a holistic approach encompassing customer engagement, stakeholder involvement, technological adoption, and a culture promoting innovation to discover valid business ideas. By embracing these practices, businesses can better align with evolving market conditions, ensuring their longevity and success.

References:

  • Blank, S. (2013). Why the Lean Start-Up Changes Everything. Harvard Business Review.
  • Kshetri, N. (2018). 1 – The global cybercrime industry. In The Global Cybercrime Industry (pp. 1-22). Springer.
  • Cusumano, M. A. (2014). The Business of Software: What Every Manager, Programmer, and Entrepreneur Must Know to Thrive and Survive in Good Times and Bad. Free Press.
  • Wirtz, B. W., & Zeithaml, V. A. (2018). Cost-based Pricing. In Pricing Strategy (pp. 23-41). Springer.

Entrepreneur Tips

Here are five tips that could help entrepreneurs navigate through the Adaptation stage of their business:

  1. Continuous Learning and Market Awareness:
    • Stay updated with the latest market trends, technological advancements, and consumer preferences. Engage in continuous learning and encourage your team to do the same. Understanding the evolving market landscape is crucial for adaptation.
  2. Customer Feedback:
    • Regularly collect and analyze customer feedback to understand their evolving needs and preferences. Use this feedback to make necessary adjustments to your products, services, or business model.
  3. Flexible Business Model:
    • Maintain a flexible business model that can adapt to changing market conditions. Be open to pivoting your business model if necessary, to stay relevant and competitive.
  4. Invest in Technology:
    • Leverage technological advancements to improve your operations, customer service, and product offerings. Investing in technology can also provide you with valuable data and insights that can inform your adaptation strategies.
  5. Promote a Culture of Innovation:
    • Foster a culture of innovation within your organization. Encourage your team to come up with new ideas and solutions to the challenges your business may face. An innovative culture can help your business stay ahead of the curve and adapt to changing market dynamics.

By following these tips, entrepreneurs can better prepare themselves and their businesses to adapt to the ever-changing market conditions and ensure sustained success.

Further Reading

View the original paper here, and the blogs in this series:

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 1 – Discovery

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 2 – Modeling

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 3 – Startup

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 4 – Existence

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 5 – Survival

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 6 – Discovery

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 7 – Adaptation

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 8 – Independence

9 Stages of Enterprise Creation: Stage 9 – Exit

Talking About Entrepreneurship